담배, 술 및 마약

Objectives You will:
• learn that tobacco is a leaf that is dried and rolled, and used to make cigarettes, cigars, and pipe tobacco.
• learn the characteristics of tobacco and why people smoke it.
• understand what an addiction is.
• learn the health risks for those that smoke, as well as for passive smokers.
• learn what alcohol is and the substonces that it is made of.
• understand how alcohol affects the mind and body, especially the liver.
• learn why young people acquire an addiction to alcohol.
• learn what a drug is and why people begin to use drugs.
• learn how drugs affect the brain and its communication channels.
• learn about some drugs and their negative effects on people. Skills You will be able to observe, compare, measure, classify, make a model, communicate, infer, put things in order, predict, investigate, experiment, and draw conclusions.
Tobacco
Tobacco is the name of a plant that grows in many parts of the world. The plant's leaves are dried and rolled and used to make cigarettes, cigars, and pipe tobacco. Tobacco contains more than 3,000 chemical substances that affect our bodies, some of which can cause cancer or other diseases. The most harmful of these substances are nicotine and tar. Nicotine is a drug with a mild stimulant effect. A stimulant speeds up the nervous system and raises the heartbeat and blood pressure. Smokers become addicted to nicotine. Tar is a solid, sticky substance that remains when tobacco is burned. This is what you might see baseball players spit out after they are chewing tobacco and waiting to play. Tar from cigarettes can enter and blacken the lungs. Many nicotine users feel that tobacco helps them reduce stress and gives them energy. The effects of smoking are almost immediate but then quickly go away, which encourages users to smoke more. Young people constantly receive messages that promote smoking, from the example of adults who smoke and from movies and commercial advertisements. Why do young people smoke? Because their friends smoke. To feel important or to look mature or cool. Because they think that it helps them relax when they are nervous or in new situations.

What is an addiction?
An addiction is a strong physical and psychological need for something, which makes a person become dependent on it. When a person can only function when he/she has tobacco, alcohol, or drugs and the use of the substance controls his/her behavior, the person is considered an addict. Besides addictions to tobacco, alcohol, and drugs, people may become addicted to other things, such as work, coffee, shopping, and even cleaning. Addictions can cause physical and psychological damage to a person.

What are the health risks for smokers? Smokers have an increased risk of lung cancer. About 5 million people (13,000 per day) die each year worldwide from lung cancer. Other common side effects and risks include: a reduced sense of smell and taste; frequent colds, a persistent cough, and chronic bronchitis; an increased risk of cancer of the mouth, esophagus, pancreas, cervix, uterus, bladder, and stomach; and an increased risk of asthma and respiratory problems. Study the diagram for a full range of health risks as a result of smoking.

Both direct and passive smoking have negative effects. Passive smoking is the involuntary exposure to smoke of people who do not smoke. It is also called secondhand smoking. When you smoke around other people, you expose them to a dangerous mixture of coline, fobacco, tar, carbon monoxide, and poisonous chemicals. The more you smoke, the greater the risk to people around you. How much and how Jong a person smokes will affect how much damage is done to his/her lungs. The pictures below show the effect or smoking on the lungs. Emphysema is a disease in which small air sacs in the lungs are destroyed. In severe cases, sufferers can only breathe by using an oxygen tank. Even just one or two cigarettes day can damage the lungs.
Alcohol

Alcohol is a drink made from corn ,barley ,rye, grapes, or other grains and plants. It is produced in a complex process called fermentation that turns the food into sugars and then ethyl alcohol (ethanol). Alcohol refers to the ingredient found in wine, beer and other liquors that has a stimulating and often mood-altering effect on the body. Beer, wine, and other liquors contain different amounts of alcohol. Beer and wine have less alcohol than spirits, such as Alcohol is a drink made from corn, barley, rye, whisky, brandy, and vodka. When a person drinks alcohol, it is quickly absorbed by the body. How quickly depends on the amount of alcohol in the drink and whether the person's stomach is full or empty. Once the alcohol is absorbed, it affects the mind and body. After the alcohol is absorbed, it leaves the body in three ways: through the kidneys, lungs, and liver. Although the ethyl alcohol in alcoholic drinks appears to stimulate, it actually acts as a depressant on the nervous system. It slows down reactions and can have immediate effects, such as dizziness, vomiting, and, in some cases, loss of consciousness. Abuse of alcohol consurnption can make it difficult to walk and to think clearly. It can impair judgment and lead to aggressive behavior. Taken to extremes, it can lead to diseases, such as hypertension and problems with the liver and pancreas. Because of the immediate effects on the nervous system, alcohol is considered a factor in a high percentage of car accidents, as well as in many acts of crime, violence, and suicide.
Drugs

What is a drug?
A drug is any substance, with the exception of food and water, that when taken into the body, alters the body's functions either physically or psychologically. Drugs can be legal (alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco) or illegal (marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine, and heroin).
Why do young people use drugs?
Young people use drugs for a variety of reasons. These include: I to feel grown up and show they can make their own decisions.
to relax and forget about problems.
to try to gain confidence.
to fit in. out of curiosity
to see what drugs are like.
to escape from a situation.
to remove personal responsibility for decisions.
to take risks and rebel.
to relieve boredom or stress.
Effects of drugs
The experience of taking drugs will be affected by several factors:
The individual: This includes a person's mood, physical size, gender, personality, and expectations of the drug experience. It also includes whether the person has food in his/her stomach and whether other drugs are being taken.
The type of drug:
This includes the amount that is used, how it is used, and the strength of the drug. Environment: This includes whether the person is using the drug with friends or alone, in a social setting, at home, or at school. The best way to avoid addictions is never to start. That is why it is important to know the facts about taking drugs.

Types of drugs Here is a description of some commonly used drugs and their effects.
1. Heroin

Heroin comes from the poppy flower and is usually processed into a white or brown powder. It crosses the blood-brain barrier soon after it enters the bloodstream and creates a sense of euphoria (extreme happiness). Large doses cause lengthy sleep or drowsiness. It is very addictive as more and more is needed to have the same effect.
2. Cocaine

Cocaine can be a powder. t acts as a stimulant on the central nervous system cand produces a sense of increased energy, hyperactivity, and euphoria. Cocaine users feel no desire to eat or sleep. It can cause heart attacks, convulsions, and even death.
3. Crack
Crack is a crystal form of cocaine that is smoked. It can raise the body's temperature and cause convulsions, respiratory or heart failure, panic attacks, and paranoia. It is highly risky and can lead to heart attacks in healthy young people. When the effects wear off, it leaves a feeling of depression.
4. Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is also a powder or a crystal that is smoked and causes euphoria. Users can become obsessed with repetitive tasks, such as cleaning, and may hear and see things that are not there. It increases blood pressure and can damage nerve endings.
5. LSD
LSD can be in tablets or dissolved in paper. It disrupts o1D the interaction of nerve cells and the neurotransmitter serotonin, which controls perception and basic functions, such as controlling hunger, mood, and body temperature. Users see images and hear imaginary sounds and experience increased heartbeat and blood pressure.